Water is Blue?!

121st Discovery Posting:

It has been about six long months since my last posting on this blog. The reason behind this hiatus is not because I have stopped going for nature related trips but of my slackness and laziness in updating the blog.

Anyway, have you ever looked into your cup or bottle of plain water to see the colour of the water you have been drinking? Have you ever wondered what colour is the water you are drinking or seeing around you?

Like me, most of us would probably conclude that water is colourless just by looking into the cup or bottle of water.

However, a sudden curiosity about the colour of water hit me and off I was doing some research on the internet. And the results I got back raised my eyebrows a bit.

Yes. As the title of this blog posting suggests, water is blue! I will try to provide a simple explanation of this using the readings I've found.

To put it simple, water is blue because of its molecular structure and its behaviour from the molecular structure.

First, let us look into water, or more specifically pure water's molecular structure (H2O). This structure involves hydrogen bonding and this structure of it (I'm not really sure about others as I do not an expert on chemistry) causes vibrational transitions.

In my opinion, just imagine the hydrogen and oxygen atoms are small metal balls attached to one another by strong springs and the idea of vibration would come easier.

The behaviour it exhibits because of the vibrational transitions would be easier to understand.

The resulting behaviour is that water absorbs red light well but not blue light. That's why large volumes of water like a swimming pool, the seas/ocean would appear blue in colour. Now you may be wondering, "Hey, my cup of water looks colourless. So isn't water colourless?"

You might not be wrong as studies point out that only pure water is blue in colour. Don't be alarmed because not drinking pure water doesn't mean it is not fit for drinking. This is because the water agencies might have added other stuff into your drinking water. That, however, is another story.

A simple experiment, as from what I read, to test that pure water is blue is to by looking at a white light source through a long pipe, filled with purified water, that is closed at both ends with a transparent window.

That's about it before I bored you to death. If you are interested, I have included the website I've read from.
Reference links:
Main site I read from: http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/5B.html (in-depth reading)
1) http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/5.html
2) http://www.discovery.com/area/skinnyon/skinnyon971003/skinnyon.html#blue (simple and interesting reading)
3) http://www.dartmouth.edu/~etrnsfer/water.htm (in-depth reading)

In my search of information, I also chanced upon this video from youtube.



Of course, there are authoritative websites which state water is colourless.
The reason they believe water is colourless is mainly based on the concept that water is a strong absorber of red light and a weak absorber of blue light. Well, the theory is right though.
Here are some of the websites I have found:
1) http://science.nasa.gov/earth-science/oceanography/living-ocean/ocean-color/
2) http://www.hko.gov.hk/education/edu06nature/ele_water_e.htm

What is Coral Bleaching and What it means for the Corals

120th Discovery Posting

Recently, an probably alarming amount of coral bleaching has been sighted and reported in Singapore and around the region. I will give a short list of blog posts with reference to some of these sightings at the end of this posting.

Coral Bleaching might not ring a bell for some discoverers/readers (my own friends included), so I have decided to dedicate a post on this issue.

First off, if you have ever been to the shores or watched shows that features corals, you might have noticed that corals are brownish/greenish in colour (picture below).
However, it is important to note that the original colours of corals are not like that. Their original colour is more whitish or I could say white. Two main reasons for the colours would be coral fluoresence (a link will be provided at the end of this posting which will explain more about this) and the presence of zooxanthellae (a kind of algae) in the polyps of the corals.

Now it is important to note that the zooxanthellae and corals share an important relationship. The corals provide a place or home for the zooxanthellae to stay in while the zooxanthellae will give the extra food it makes during photosynthesis to the coral. So basically, it's a "you scratch my back, I scratch your back" or "I help you, you help me" relationship.

So what is coral bleaching?
Well, first, it has nothing to do with bleach or dyeing... =P
Let me try to make it simple for everyone.

Imagine you are the zooxanthellae living in a polyp of a coral colony and these past few days, the water has been really hot and you cannot stand it (and there is NO fan or air-conditioning in the polyp). So what would you do?

Would you leave the polyp and get out in the open water to 'cool' down?

Yes, that's what happens, NOT the 'cool' down part though, I think...hahaha

So when you and many of your neighbours, the zooxanthellae leaves the coral, the coral will lose the brownish colours and show their original colour, white.
Now here's another important point, you, the zooxanthellae, can provide up to 90% of the food that the coral needs. So what might happen if you and your neighbours leave the coral?

Yes, the corals might die!
Another thing to note is that sometimes, after you and your neighbours (you are still a zooxanthellae) leave the coral. Other people, I mean zooxanthellae which can tolerate heat better might move into the coral.

Okay, even if you are not interested in corals and coral bleaching, here's something to make you sit up. One main reason that corals bleach is due to the increase of water temperature. The impact of this is not only the death of corals and the other organisms it supports. The increase of water temperature in our seas/oceans also means the ice caps will melt faster which leads to the increase of sea levels. Sitting up now? =D

Before I end, I would like to highlight that the increase of water temperature is NOT the only reason for coral bleaching to occur. There are other factors as well, I will leave some links for your own reading if you are interested to find out more and read more in depth about coral bleaching.

Here's a video from youtube that explains coral bleaching.

Here are the links that explain coral bleaching:
1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_bleaching
2) http://www.marinebiology.org/coralbleaching.htm
3) http://saltaquarium.about.com/od/aboutcoraldiseases/a/aacoralbleach.htm

Here's the link that explains coral fluoresence
1) http://mountain-n-sea.blogspot.com/2007/12/coral-flourescence-and-other-attributes.html

Blog Links that report Coral Bleaching
1) Wildshores
2) http://tidechaser.blogspot.com/2010/05/extensive-coral-bleaching-at-semakau.html
3) http://wondercreation.blogspot.com/2010/06/snorkeling-at-tioman.html

Inter Tidal Walk @ Semakau on 2 Jun 2010

119th Discovery Posting

Another late and over due posting about the inter tidal walk last week. On 2 Jun 2010, I was free to help do guiding for the Project Semakau. This time round, I was assigned to guide a group of students from Boon Lay Secondary School.

Our morning that day didn't start off well. This was not because of the students nor teachers in my group but the weather. It was drizzling quite heavily when we reached the island. Luckily, there was no lighting alert, therefore, the walk would continue. However, all the groups would have to walk under the drizzle to the inter-tidal area as the drivers had not arrived on the island yet.

Despite the rainy weather, spirits were still quite high. I reckon this had to do with the amount of high energy the participants had. Hahaha... Anyway, the day got better as it went on. The first of it was a rainbow that appeared as we approached the forest trail.The second great thing that happened was that the rain cleared as we started to walk onto the inter-tidal area. Here's the group photo at the seagrass meadows (picture below).I did not really take a lot of photos during this trip and some of them did not turn out well, so I'm only posting the ones which you could get a good look at.

First off is this juvenile cushion star, first 'discovery' (picture below).
I guess the most interesting thing to my group about sea stars would be that they have no brains... that's why Patrick in the Spongebox show is so err.. silly...hahaha.

The other organism I would like to feature in this short post would be the knobbly sea star (picture below).
And here's the group photo with the 'star' of the walk (picture below).I have to apologize for the late and short post as I was slacking for the past few days and right now I have to rush out some work matters with regards to a project I'm doing at my workplace. PS: I hope all my group participants, Coral Reefs, enjoyed themselves last week cause I did. Thanks for another great experience =D

Why are rainbows in an arc-shaped?

118th Discovery Posting

I am sure that many of you have seen a rainbow in the skies above you before. But have you ever wondered why are rainbows shaped in an arc? Personally, I am not sure of it myself and I was made curious about the answer by one of my participants in a recently guided inter tidal walk who asked his son this question when they saw a rainbow over at Big Sisters' island not long ago. As a result of this curiosity, I decided to do some simple research on the internet and do up this blog post.
The first thing to note is that rainbows are caused sunlight passing through raindrops and by refraction, which is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another. I would not go through the exact science of how to explain this as I have found websites that does this explanation better than I can. You can find the websites below.

It is interesting to note that a rainbow is really circle in shape than the arc shaped or semi circle shape we usually see. The reason why we don't see the whole circle is because the earth blocks our view. And the closer the sun is to the horizon, the more of the circle we see. So this means that the best time to see a longest rainbow would be either during early morning after sunrise and evening time before sunset. =D
Great websites that explains how a rainbow is formed and why is it in a arc.
a) http://science.howstuffworks.com/rainbow.htm
b) http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-do-rainbows-form-inst

Side note:
Rainbow Connection by Kermit the Frog. Enjoy! =D

Inter Tidal walk @ Big Sister's Island on 30 May 2010

117th Discovery Posting

Personally, I have been to Big Sister's Island for less than the fingers on one hand. So it was a great chance to both visit and introduce other people to this small little island to the south of Singapore through a guided inter tidal trip.

Sidenote:
If you would like to read more about Big Sister's Island, you may visit http://www.wildsingapore.com/places/sisters.htm
I need to mention that this was also the first public guided trip on Big Sisters organised by RMBR and I was guiding a group of rather experienced participants as most of them have to been other shores with us.
To start off, the first 'discovery' is something which I really like, feather stars (picture below)!
As their name suggests, their arms are a little like feathers, handle with care as they may break easily. I have seen them in many different colours besides red. They include black, yellow, white, etc. They are also related to the sea stars being in the same echinoderm phylum.

As we moved towards the coral reefs, a participant spot this school of juvenile catfish, second 'discovery' (picture below).Like other fishes you may find in the sea, juvenile catfishes are often seen in a group or what we call as a school of fish. They do this as a predator will find it harder to pounce on a group for food than compared to an individual, this is otherwise known as safety in numbers. Interestingly, as the cattail grows bigger, their group gets smaller and they are usually found alone when they are adults. As they have poisonous spines, it is not advised to touch them. One reason, I guess, why they are called catfish is because of their whiskers, these are usually to help them find food in murky waters.

If in case you are wondering, a cat's whiskers help it to find its way and move around. A little similar to the function of the catfish's whiskers.

Now, it is to be noted that Big Sister's Island has one of the nicest looking coral reefs where one can come really close up into (picture below). And my group, coral reefs, did spent a certain amount of time admiring at it. As we moved on, we came across this leaf slug which our hunter seeker has found for us, third 'discovery' (picture below).The leaf slug is named so mainly because of its colour which resembles a leaf. I reckon another reason which it is named as such is because that it is able to retain the chloroplasts of the seaweed it eats. These chloroplasts which it manages to retain will continue to carry out photosynthesis inside the slug and provide it with extra nutrients. Cool, isn't it?

Just to sidetrack a bit, we had this little joke about if we could do the same, would we be green in colour as well...hahaha

Moving on, our hunter seekers also found us a flatworm, fourth 'discovery' (picture below). As their name suggest, flatworms are really flat. This can help them to squeeze or move into narrow and small spaces to find food and at the same time to hide from their predators. At the same time, being really flat means that their bodies are easily tore when handled, so please handle them with them or don't handle them at all. One really interesting thing about them is that flatworms are hermaphrodites. In really simple terms, this means that a flat worm is both a guy and gal. In specific terms, flatworms have both the male and female reproductive organs.

And the last organism I am going to feature is this bohol nudibranch, fifth 'discovery' (picture below).First off, they are sea slugs. They are called nudibranchs because they have naked gills. Notice the flowery like thing near the center of the picture? That's the gills for this nudibranch. They may look like easy prey, they are however not. They protect themselves in different ways like producing distasteful substances, toxins and even acids. It is important to take note that these protective methods vary from species to species. Some of them will advertise themselves to be 'not nice to eat' with their really colourful bodies while some, like this bohol nudibranch will try to camouflage themselves.

As we were still wondering around the shore to look for more things, dark clouds and strong winds came in quickly and threaten to drench us, so we had no choice but to end the walk prematurely and leave the shore quickly.
Luckily, it did not rain eventually and the visitors has some time to take a short picnic and relax on the island.
Before I sign off, I would like to say thanks to all Coral Reefs, my group for the day. I hope the 3 first timers enjoyed themselves as I did not really give much details about the things we've seen that day and of course not forgetting the rest of my group.

Last note:
As a result of the passing rain clouds, we caught sight of a really beautiful rainbow which I would blog about in the next post, so do come back soon to check that posting out. =D

Survey on another part of Semakau

116th Discovery Posting

Last Saturday, a small group of Project Semakau volunteers, including myself, went off in the early morning to do a survey on a different part of Semakau where we don't usually do our surveys.

In this blog posting, I will give a peek into the various organisms which we saw.

First 'discovery' would be a cryptic sea star (picture below).
Interestingly, this kind of sea star has not been seen on other places in Singapore other than Semakau. They are usually found under or on stones near the mid-water mark so sometimes we might have to turn stones over to find them. They are known to feed on algae and small animals found on the surfaces of stones.

Still in the area of the mid-water mark, the second 'discovery' would be this onch slug (picture below).
Compared to the cryptic sea star, the onch slug is much more common. The only reason why you might not see them as often is that they are pretty well camouflaged. They also feed on algae found on stones and unlike other sea slugs, the onch slug does not live underwater. Instead they are able to breathe air through their simple lungs and when the tide is high, they would burrow into mud or sand, trapping an air bubble to breathe in.

After suffering numerous sand fly bites near the rocks, we finally moved into the sandy parts of the area and we encounter this cute little spotted moon crab, third 'discovery' (picture below).
The moon crab is actually quite common on our shores. They however do hide buried in the sediments and are more active during the night thus you might not have seen them before. To help to bury themselves quickly into the sand, all ends of their legs (excluding the claws) are shaped like a paddle.

As you might have already read/know, we found a long drift net in the area and a number of things including three black tip reef sharks became victims of the net. Here's another victim, a big fish, I'm not good with the identification of fishes. And at the side was a red swimming crab trying to scavenge the dead fish (picture below).
As most of us had very little sleep the night before as we spent our night over on the island, the rising of the sun did provide us with some injection of energy into our lethargic bodies (picture below).
The last animal we encounter before we went to document the three dead black tip reef sharks was this dog faced water snake, fourth 'discovery' (picture below).The dog face water snake is another animal which is quite common to Singapore. They are usually seen in mangroves and sometimes the inter tidal area. They are much more active at night and spent the day mostly in hiding. Please do not try to handle this snake if you came into close contact with it as they are mildly venomous. You just need to move away and not disturb it and it would not attack you as it is mostly docile.

That about ends this blog posting and do come back in a few days as I still have back logged blog postings to make. =D

Sad Scene of Sharks @ Semakau

115th Discovery Posting

Saturday morning was a morning with mixed emotions. On one hand, I have finally gotten to see a really close up view of the black tip reef shark on our reefs, which was a highlight of this trip down on the inter-tidal area of Semakau. On the other, it was with a sad note that I saw them, three of them to be exact, dead.

The cause of the sharks death was most likely (in fact, we are 99.99999% sure) due to a net that some irresponsible and heartless fisherman had spread and left behind in the inter-tidal area.
Others have written more in detail about our feelings and the story of how we encountered the sharks and the aftermath. You can read them on:
a) http://tidechaser.blogspot.com/2010/05/blacktip-reef-sharks-trapped-in-drift.html
b) http://ppt-backtobasics.blogspot.com/2010/05/murder-at-pulau-semakau.html
c) http://starting-from-zeroo.blogspot.com/2010/05/blacktip-reef-sharks-trapped-dead-in.html
With already so many posts on this sad event, I thought that in this post, I should focus more about the known facts of the black tip reef shark.

First off, I believe many of you (I refer to people who reside in Singapore) would not have believed that we can find sharks in our waters. So after this unfortunate incident and reading this and other blog posts, I believe we have contradicted this belief if you had it.

So what do we know about black tip reef sharks? First, they are known to be found in the tropical coral reefs of Indian and Pacific Region and of course, the indo-pacific seas. So it is not a odd sight to spot them in Singapore as we still possesses a number of reefs in our waters.

They prefer to stay around shallow and inshore waters. And we can usually spot them on land by their exposed first dorsal fin when they swim around in shallow waters. If you are not sure what I mean by that, think of JAWS and how the characters in these shark movies know that a shark is approaching.

At this point, it is important to point out that Black tip reef sharks seldom pose as a threat to humans unless you rouse them. They are also known to be quite timid, so it may swim away if you approach it. But please do not disturb them, because as mentioned, they might attack if being disturbed.

They are also known to stay within close areas to where they are found (most of the time), it is estimated that this distance is about 2.5km. So the ones which died and were found by us are most probably residents of the area. =(

Black tip reef sharks are also known to either live individually or in small groups. So that explains why did we came in sight of three of them.

Sharks are important to the ecosystem as they pose as one of the top predators. Top predators are important are they help to keep the ecosystem in balance.

Let me post a simple example to explain this better, let's say the black tip reef shark feeds on a fish which feeds on sea grass and only the black tip reef shark eats this kind of fish. Take note that sea grass meadows offers shelter and food for many other organisms of our seas. So if the black tip reef shark is removed from the food chain, the population of this kind of fish will be left unchecked and they will eat all the sea grass and therefore lead to a collapse of the ecosystem.

To read more about the importance of top predators, you can visit:
a) http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13939039

I will stop here as this post is getting a little wordy. So if you are interested to read more about Black tip reef sharks, you can visit:
a) http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=90
b) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacktip_reef_shark

As a final thought before I sign off, this is why Project Semakau is important to us, including you.
The aim of Project Semakau is to propose to our government to gazette Semakau as a marine park. This is to protect a part of our natural heritage for our future generations and as well as making sure marine animals such as the black tip reef shark has a place where it can safely reside it.

Project Semakau Outreach Walk on 4 April

114th Discovery Posting:

This is quite a belated posting on an inter-tidal walk on Semkau for the outreach program for Project Semakau. I will make this a short posting as there are other things that are waiting for me to complete.

First and Second 'discovery' would be a cowrie (above) and heart cockle (below) found in the picture below.
Cowries have a really beautiful shell and in the past, Polynesians have used them as some cowries as a form of currency. Till today, some people still collect them, not to use as money, but to sell them for money.

For the heart cockle, it would be easy to guess how they got their common name, their shape. Interestingly, their valve openings are located down the center of the 'heart', so when they open up, it looks a little like a heart break. =D

Third 'discovery' is the green ceratosoma nudibranch which seems to be in season in Singapore in the first few months of the year (picture below).
Fourth and Fifth 'discoveries' would be the cushion and knobbly sea star which my group, herons (if I remembered correctly) took a picture with (pictures below)Do apologize to all Herons, students from Jurongville Secondary, for such a late posting. Nevertheless, I had a great time with you all despite it being a rainy morning. =D

Extra:
For more details on this trip, read RY's blog entry: http://tidechaser.blogspot.com/2010/04/rainy-semakau-walk-on-4-april-2010.html

Hantu on 2nd April 2010

113th Discovery Posting:

The evening low tides for us to visit the shores have come and past. From now till September, it is time for us inter tidal goers to wake up at sometimes insanely early hours just to catch the tide. And over the last long weekend, I woke up from 4am to 5am for three straight days of inter tidal walk. Here's the first of them,

On Good Friday (2nd April 2010), RMBR conducted its first guided inter tidal walk on Pulau Hantu for public participants and I was the guide for the group, nudibranch.

One of the few animals that captivated my group was the fiddler crabs. Here's one of them, first 'discovery' (picture below).
The fiddler crab you see above is a male fiddler crab. We tell the males apart for their one large pincer that is almost to the same size as their bodies. Females, on the other hand, have two small pincers and they are used for feeding. For the males, because they cannot use their large pincer to feed themselves, they depend on their one and only small pincer for them to feed themselves. However, this is not to say that their big pincer is entirely useless. Their big pincer, in fact is used to attract female fiddler crabs and to intimidate other males.

Moving on, our second 'discovery' was this jellyfish found by our hunter seekers (picture below).Some jelly fishes or jellies (since they are not related to fishes =P) are seasonally abundant. According to our observation, this (above) is one of them which you can find in numbers especially in the first few months of the year. By the way, jellies have stings, and some can cause bad reactions (if you are unlucky, maybe death), so never handle a jelly with your bare hands.

Our third 'discovery' ' was this really little brittle star which I held in my hand for a little while (picture below).As their name suggests, they are really brittle, they can break their arms if they feel danger. They are also not often seen as they hide either under rocks, within sponges or on other animals. Oh, they are also related to sea stars. To be more specific, they belong to the echinoderm phylum like the sea stars and they are the largest group of creatures within this phylum.

Belonging to the group of nudibranch would mean that seeing one of them would make the trip even more interesting for the group. And boy were we lucky, we saw a total of 4 different species of nudis (pictures below). Fourth 'discovery'.

Here's the lined chromodoris nudibranch (picture below) phylid nudibranch (picture below)Polka-dot nudibranch (picture below)Black-margined glossodoris nudibranch (picture below)
If you are wondering, nudibranchs are sea slugs and they belong to the phylum of molluscs (a familiar animal found in this group would be snails). Now you might be asking, where's the shell for a nudibranch if they are related to snails? Actually, they do have shells. But it is only when they are young. When they are older, they lose their shells, one kind of defence, to get another form of defence, venom or stings depending on the species of nudibranch. So never handle a nudibranch for your own safety. =D

The last, fifth 'discovery' is the feather star (picture below). It looks much better than this if it's submerged in deeper water.
As their name suggests, their arms are a little like feathers, handle with care as they may break easily. I have seen them in many different colours besides red. They include black, yellow, white, etc. They are also related to the sea stars being in the same echinoderm phylum.

Finally, here's a group photo of all the nudibranch (picture below).Before I end, it's thanks to all who came and Kimberly who was my OJT and helped a lot during this trip =D

Extra:
a) Read RY's entry for this trip: http://tidechaser.blogspot.com/2010/04/first-intertidal-walk-at-pulau-hantu-on.html

A Walk into the Mangroves

112th Discovery Posting:

About 2 years ago, I attended a sharing session on a study done on face-banded sesarmine from a professor. I cannot remember the name of the professor but I do remember that he mentioned that he studied these crabs in Mandai Mangroves. And from then onwards, I held this hope that I would get to see these crabs up close and also visit Mandai Mangroves. I never managed to catch a sight of these crabs in my mud 'dips' in mangroves and never could find out the exact location of Mandai Mangroves until today...

Today (7th Mar), with the guide of some friends, I had the chance to explore the Mandai Mangroves and find the face-banded sesarmine crabs.
Sidenote:
Will focus more on animals this posting since I did not really take photos of plants. =D

As we walked into the mangroves, one of the first few organisms we spotted, First 'discovery' will be mangrove horseshoe crabs (picture below).
One of the misconceptions we might have about the horseshoe crab is that it's a kind of crab due to its name. Actually, the horseshoe crab is more related to spiders and scorpions. An interesting fact about the horseshoe crab is that it has existed on Earth even before the dinosaurs! And if you are wondering if that pointy tail of it is as dangerous like the tails of stingrays, you need not worry. Their tails are not for stinging but for helping themselves to flip over if they end up underside down.

If you are interested to read more about them, click here.

The second organism, a small one was first spotted by RY. It is a mangrove big-jawed spider if I am correct (picture below). Second 'discovery'.
They are spiders commonly found in our mangroves. You might not spot them as they stay motionless on a leaf or branch and their stick/branch-like appearance. Although both genders of this kind of spider has big jaws, the males jaws are particularly elongated and are equipped with a spur each. They help them in locking the jaws of the female during mating.

After about a slow walk into the mangroves, I finally come across the face-banded sesarmine crabs (pictures below)! Third 'discovery'!Their name is as such due to the bright green or blue (I think I saw yellowish ones as well) band on their faces. Very interestingly, the bands on their faces can reflect light! And a study suggests that the different colours of their bands plays a role in sexual recognition. It is reported that the males of these crabs (to be more specific: 2 species) have more intense blue facial bands while the females have more green facial bands.

To read more about them, click here.

In conclusion, Mandai Mangrove is a really nice mangrove where you can find a great number of crabs and a number of mangrove plants (including rare ones). However, it is not for the average urban dweller, as you will get really muddy and even sink then stuck in the mud at times. And of course, the stink of mud after the trip and mosquito bites. All other things aside, it is a great mangrove. =D
Thanks to everyone who made it for the trip. I bet all of us had a nice and muddy time! =P